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World’s largest digital camera ready to uncover the universe’s secrets

After 20 years, researchers have finally completed work on the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) Camera – one of the most advanced tools yet to search for life outside of the Solar System. Researchers at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory said the 3,200-megapixel camera will provide details on the observable universe in “unprecedented” detail and generate vast quantities of data on the southern night sky that can be mined for new insights. The team hopes the data will aid in the quest to understand dark energy, which is theorised to be driving the accelerating expansion of the universe, and the hunt for dark matter, which makes up around 85% of the matter in the universe. Once operational, the camera will map the positions and measure the brightness of a vast number of night…

E+T Magazine in Space
E+T Off The Page: Is technology being used to destroy the democratic process?

Special Guest: Coral James O'Connor, senior lecturer at City University London. Tanya Weaver Jack Loughran Tim Fryer

E+T Magazine
E+T Expert Engineering: Taj Mahal

The Taj Mahal, India’s most recognisable landmark, was originally commissioned by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his beloved wife in 1632. E+T looks at the history behind its construction and addresses the popular myth that a black version of the building was originally going to be built on the opposite side of the river bank.

E+T Magazine in History of Engineering
Underwater drone discovers and explores 100-year-old shipwreck

An underwater drone known as Hydrus has been used to explore a shipwreck that has been at the bottom of the Indian Ocean for over 100 years. Developed by Advanced Navigation, Hydrus was sent to the Rottnest ship graveyard located in the Indian Ocean, just off the coast of Western Australia. After unloading its data, the team found that the drone had spotted a 64-metre shipwreck scattered across the seafloor. The Rottnest ship graveyard rests between 50 and 200 metres below sea level and has been used for the disposal of obsolete ships since 1910. After the Second World War, the graveyard was also used for the disposal of Lend-Lease vehicles and aircraft. The wrecks of historically significant vessels are known to have been sunk there, although the majority have yet to be discovered due…

E+T Magazine in History of Engineering
British Steel wins contract to provide materials for Egypt’s Green Line

British Steel has won a contract to supply around 9,500 tonnes of rail track for Egypt’s Green Line, which will be produced in Scunthorpe. Once complete, the Green Line will be the country’s first fully electrified mainline and freight network, stretching from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. The network is 660km long and will carry trains – for both passengers and goods – up to a maximum speed of 250km/h (155mph), with British Steel among a number of key suppliers providing rail to the project. Rail supplied is 60E1 in grade R260, each at 18 metres in length. The multi-million-pound contract could provide a key lifeline for British Steel, which has been struggling to produce affordable steel in recent years due to strong competition from steelmakers in China and elsewhere. British…

E+T Magazine in Railways
Network Rail to spend £2.8bn to improve climate resilience on UK’s railways

Network Rail has unveiled a £2.8bn plan to protect the UK’s rail infrastructure from extreme weather threats caused by climate change. The money will be invested in a variety of technologies to improve the reliability of Britain’s railways, alongside increases to maintenance funding. Around 600,000 metres of drains will be built, rebuilt, redesigned or see increased maintenance to enable the railway to cope with much heavier rainfall and reduce flooding. The programme will have 400 extra drainage engineers to oversee the efforts. ‘Smart’ movement sensors will be installed to help give early warning of any land changes in the hope that engineers will be able to react faster ahead of full landslips, which can damage infrastructure and lead to delays and cancellations. Other technologies…

E+T Magazine in Railways
Aviation sector must be held to account if it fails to cut emissions, MPs say

The government must hold the aviation sector accountable for its proposed cuts to emissions, MPs on the Environmental Audit Committee (EAC) have said. In the Jet Zero Strategy, which was published in 2022, the government proposed various technological measures, such as increasing fuel efficiency and the adoption of sustainable aviation fuels. The model assumes that fuel efficiencies will improve by 2% each year, in line with evidence from the aviation sector. But the EAC has urged the government to hold the aviation industry accountable for the reductions should they not be met. Last year, a survey of aviation experts found that the majority are not convinced that the sector will become carbon neutral by the stated 2050 goal. Aviation, which accounts for approximately 3% of total CO2…

E+T Magazine in Aerospace
NHS confirms plans to roll out ‘artificial pancreases’ to diabetes sufferers

The NHS has confirmed plans to roll out “artificial pancreases” to patients living with type 1 diabetes across England. The device, also known as a hybrid closed-loop system, helps individuals with diabetes manage their blood sugar levels more effectively. It combines a continuous glucose monitoring system with an insulin pump and a control algorithm that automatically adjusts insulin delivery based on the individual’s glucose levels. Currently, most people with the condition are tasked with monitoring their own blood sugar levels and adjusting their insulin dosage accordingly. The technology about to be introduced can lead to fewer hypoglycemic (low blood sugar) and hyperglycemic (high blood sugar) episodes, as well as better overall diabetes management. Local NHS systems have been…

E+T Magazine
US and UK sign ‘landmark’ agreement to improve safety of AI

A landmark agreement on artificial intelligence (AI) between the US and the UK will see both countries align their approaches to tackling the new risks that the technology poses. Technology secretary Michelle Donelan and US commerce secretary Gina Raimondo said the partnership will see both countries develop ways to evaluate AI models, systems, and agents. A recent report warned that eight million UK jobs could be at risk from AI, while both the White House and the European Parliament have approved laws this year to reduce the risks of the technology and improve transparency. The UK and US AI safety institutes have laid out plans to build a common approach to AI safety testing and intend to perform at least one joint testing exercise on a publicly accessible model. The agreement also…

E+T Magazine in Ethical Aspects
Size matters in wind farm development

Financial pressures and the economics of expansion may mean it’s time to reconsider the assumptions that drive offshore wind designs. Just over 20 years ago, the UK saw its first commercial offshore wind farm go into service close to north Wales resort Rhyl. Thirty turbines with rotors 80m in diameter each fed a maximum of 2MW into the grid. These windmills are now minnows compared with the behemoths that suppliers such as Siemens Gamesa and China-based Goldwind are now planting on the beds of shallow waters in the North Sea or Taiwan Strait. The prototype of Siemens’ largest design installed in Denmark in late 2021 has a single rotor with a diameter of 222m. It can, at full pelt, generate 15MW of electricity: over seven times the power from each of the first crop of turbines off the north…

E+T Magazine in Renewable Energy
Amazon ramps up investment in ChatGPT rival; White House announces AI guardrails

Amazon has announced an additional $2.75bn investment in AI start-up Anthropic as it looks to gain a foothold in the rapidly expanding industry. Anthropic was founded by former members of ChatGPT-creator OpenAI and has already developed its own large language model, known as Claude, with similar functionality. The firm has already been using Amazon Web Services (AWS) as its primary cloud provider for workloads including safety research and further developing its model. Amazon invested $1.25bn in Anthropic in September, which means their total funding has now reached $4bn with the new allocation. The firms plan to target organisations in highly regulated industries such as healthcare, the public sector, banking and insurance to adopt AI solutions in their workflows. “Generative AI…

E+T Magazine
Designing Tidal Turbines That Are Safe for Marine Life

Brett Marmo, technical director of Xi Engineering, discusses using acoustics simulation to analyse the impact of tidal turbines on harbor seals. Creating clean energy alternatives for energy sources that generate greenhouse gas is crucial if we are to avoid excessive global heating and the rising climate crisis. A viable, renewable energy source are ocean tides, which, unlike solar and wind resources, are not weather dependent, making them predictable. Tidal energy can be harnessed by deploying tidal turbines into tidal streams. This process is the foundation of the MeyGen project, a massive renewable energy project that is planned to be the world’s largest tidal energy plant. Recently, an array of tidal turbines has been deployed at this project site, where tides flowing between the Atlantic…

E+T Magazine
Negative leap second could be delayed as climate change slows the Earth’s rotation

Climate change is slowing the Earth’s rotation and the way in which we measure time may need to change, a study has found. Synchronised global timekeeping is crucial for maintaining the accuracy of various technologies, from smartphones to computer networks. Currently, leap seconds are added roughly every two to three years to help align atomic clocks with the Earth’s irregular rotation. In 1972, a day defined by the Earth’s rotation was 0.0025 seconds (2,500 microseconds) longer than the one defined by atomic clocks. Over the course of a year, the accumulated difference was almost a second, so a leap second was used to keep the difference from getting any larger. But in 2023, the two kinds of day differed by only 80 microseconds, so the difference in time over a year added up to only 0…

E+T Magazine in Research and Innovation
Flying taxi test flight in China cuts journey time by nearly 90%

Chinese firm AutoFlight claims it completed “the world’s first inter-city electric air-taxi” flight last month between the southern Chinese cities of Shenzhen and Zhuhai. The five-seater Prosperity aircraft took around 20 minutes to complete the 50km route across the Pearl River Delta, which would take around three hours by car. It used one of 100 flightpaths that have been set out by the local government for electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. Prosperity’s vertical take-off capabilities eliminated the need for a runway although wings were utilised to preserve energy during cruising. While the demonstration was uncrewed and fully autonomous, the firm believes it will get certification for crewed passenger flights within the next couple of years. According to AutoFlight…

E+T Magazine in Research and Innovation
Sizewell C signs land deal with EDF to allow nuclear plant construction works to begin

Sizewell C Ltd, the publicly owned firm behind the new nuclear plant, has signed a deal with EDF Energy to purchase the land needed to construct the project. The agreement marks a crucial step in its progress gaining eligibility from the Office for Nuclear Regulation to begin construction. Under the terms of the deal, the company will acquire the freehold of the land, essential for the construction and subsequent operation of the new power station. With the UK’s ageing fleet of eight nuclear power stations in need of replacement, and only EDF’s Hinkley Point C currently undergoing construction, Sizewell C will play an important role in backing up renewable energy in the switch away from fossil fuels. The project is expected to be finished by 2036 at the latest and will provide 7% of the…

E+T Magazine in Nuclear Power
Artificial intelligence puts 8 million UK jobs at risk, report finds

An estimated 8 million jobs in the UK are at risk from artificial intelligence (AI) unless the government enacts proactive policies to prevent this, a report from a think tank has warned. The Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) has said that back-office, entry-level and part-time jobs in particular are heavily exposed to automation, and women are also “significantly” more affected. The report identifies two key stages of generative AI adoption: the first wave, which is already here, and a second wave, when companies will integrate existing AI technologies further and more deeply into their processes. The body analysed 22,000 tasks in the UK economy, covering every type of job, and found that while only 11% of tasks are thought to be exposed to existing generative AI, this could…

E+T Magazine in Ethical Aspects
Sophisticated searching of deep space

It’s the ultimate astronomers’ question: ‘Is there anybody out there?’ The quest to find out for sure is growing ever more sophisticated. It was the call he’d always hoped for. Astrophysicist Chris Lintott was contacted at his Oxford home by an excited journalist with a question: “Is it true? Have we really discovered aliens?” At that time, stargazers believed an oddly behaving star might be a sign of intelligent life. It transpired to be a false alarm – one of a few in living memory that have raised the hopes of scientists and space enthusiasts that we might not be alone in the universe (see False alarms and the unexplained, overleaf). But Lintott – presenter of The Sky at Night and a professor at the University of Oxford who looks for astronomical anomalies using machine learning –…

E+T Magazine in Space
Trial begins for UK’s first long-distance coach route using EVs

The UK’s first long-distance coach route using an electrically-powered vehicle is being trialled by FlixBus. The bus operator is trying the new vehicles out on a route between London, Bristol and Newport between March and June this year. It said the vehicle will save 352kg of carbon emissions per day driven on this route compared to the average diesel-fuelled coach. This equals a reduction of more than 21 tonnes of CO2 over the course of the pilot. The electric vehicle (EV) has a battery rating of 282kWh, and will be charged using “ultra-fast state-of-the-art chargers” at a Transport UK London Bus depot in Battersea in London and Newport Transport’s headquarters in South Wales. FlixBus UK managing director Andreas Schorling said: “This is a huge step forward for the UK coach sector, transforming…

E+T Magazine
China accused of ‘unacceptable behaviour’ after Electoral Commission hack

Chinese hackers have been blamed for two cyber attacks targeting UK politicians and the national election commission. APT31, a hacking group affiliated with the Chinese state, was found to be “almost certainly responsible” for targeting UK parliamentarians’ emails in 2021. The National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) said the attacks were targeted at members who have been prominent in calling out malign activity originating in China. Separately, computer systems at the Electoral Commission were also found to be compromised between 2021 and 2022. The NCSC said it was “highly likely” that the attackers accessed email data as well as data from the electoral register during this time. It said the data would be used by Chinese intelligence services for large-scale espionage and repressing perceived…

E+T Magazine in Cybersecurity
Calls for blanket ban on deforestation-linked products rejected by government

The government has rejected recommendations to ban UK businesses from trading in products linked to deforestation, regardless of whether their production was legal. The cross-party Environmental Audit Committee (EAC) had said UK businesses should be banned from trading in commodities linked to UN-defined deforestation in all cases, regardless of whether the deforestation was illegal or permitted by local laws. It previously found that the consumption of commodities such as soy, cocoa, palm oil, beef and leather by domestic consumers is unsustainable and leading to rampant deforestation across the globe. A zero-deforestation approach would encourage consistency in trading such commodities across UK and European markets. But in its response to the EAC’s report, the government said: “The…

E+T Magazine in Ethical Aspects
Labour’s plan to decarbonise the grid by 2030 is ‘infeasible’, report finds

Labour’s £116bn plan to decarbonise the power sector by 2030 is “infeasible in the timeframe”, the Policy Exchange think tank has said. The body commissioned Aurora Energy Research to conduct a rigorous analysis of different scenarios in which the UK could achieve a net zero power sector. If it wins the next election, the Labour Party has announced plans to accelerate the UK’s efforts to make its power grid net zero from 2035 to 2030. It said the plan would ultimately cut household energy bills by up to £1,400 a year and improve insulation for millions of homes. But the new report argues that decarbonising the grid by 2030 is a “fundamentally different proposition” to decarbonising the grid by 2035. The shorter timeframe does not allow additional generation from nuclear or bioenergy with…

E+T Magazine in Renewable Energy
Where in the world is Maglev

Maglev technology has been under development all around the world for decades. So why is it confined to east Asia today? Maglev brings to mind The Future. Arguably, it has been doing so for more than a century – the concept dates back to the early 1900s, when German engineer Alfred Zehden was awarded a patent for a system that would propel a train using magnetism. In basic terms, maglev is a form of high-speed transportation in which a train is held above its tracks with magnetic levitation (from which the word maglev is derived). There is variation between designs: they can be monorail or dual rail; use conventional or supercooled, superconducting electromagnets; or even be slotted inside gigantic vacuum tubes to minimise drag. What these models all have in common, and what distinguishes…

E+T Magazine in Railways
Researchers create a plant-based plastic that biodegrades in less than seven months

In a new study, scientists at the University of California San Diego show that their plant-based polymer could offer a viable alternative to traditional petroleum-based plastics. We know all too well that we have a problem with plastics entering our soils and ocean. According to US environmental advocacy group Ocean Conservancy, 11 million metric tons of plastics enter our oceans every year. This is in addition to the estimated 200 million metric tons that are already there. This petroleum-based plastic comes from a whole variety of sources including drinks bottles, other types of plastic packaging and resin pellets used in manufacturing. Much of this plastic will bob on the surface of the ocean for years, such as in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. It has an estimated surface area of…

E+T Magazine in Research and Innovation
UK government invests a further £143m to roll out almost a thousand new electric buses

Rural areas will be prioritised to receive new electric buses as part of a funding scheme that aims to introduce the zero-emission vehicles across the country. Since the scrapping of HS2’s northern leg, the UK government has made it clear that it plans to reallocate funds to improve local transport, including the bus network. In its most recent announcement, the government says that an additional 955 electric buses will soon take to our roads as part of a funding scheme that will see 25 councils receive funding to decarbonise their bus fleets. This Zero Emission Bus Regional Areas (ZEBRA) scheme has already enabled many local transport authorities to introduce zero-emission buses. According to the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders, zero-emission buses accounted for almost half…

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