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How 'Green' are solar panels?

I wonder if we'll eventually see the same problem with a growing number of expired electric car batteries too?

Growing number of Solar panels going to landfill due to cost of 'recycling'.

Millions of solar panels in California risk being dumped on landfill sites as they reach the end of their life cycles.

Over the past two decades, more than 1.3 million homeowners and builders took advantage of state incentives to install the panels on their rooftops.

However, they have a lifespan of 25-30 years and defunct ones are starting to pile up in dumps, raising fears they will contaminate groundwater with toxic metals such as lead, selenium and cadmium.

Sam Vanderhoof, a solar industry expert and chief executive of Recycle PV Solar, told the Los Angeles Times it estimated only one in ten panels were recycled because the process is expensive and time-consuming.

It costs about $20 to $30 to recycle a panel compared with $1 to $2 to send it to a landfill, according to figures from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. “The industry is supposed to be green,” Vanderhoof said. “But in reality, it’s all about the money.”

California, with abundant all-year sunshine, was a pioneer in the adoption of solar power. In 2006 it introduced the California Solar Initiative which granted $3.3 billion in subsidies for installing panels on rooftops.

While the scheme was considered a success, officials are now grappling with how to safely dispose of the panels.

Serasu Duran, assistant professor at the University of Calgary’s Haskayne School of Business in Canada, warned in an academic paper last year that the industry was “woefully unprepared for the deluge of waste that is likely to come”.

The issue is not limited to California — a solar panel was installed every 60 seconds last year in the US, according to the Solar Energy Industries Association.

Duran told the LA Times: “While all the focus has been on building this renewable capacity, not much consideration has been put on the end of life of these technologies.”

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  • Some interesting thoughts on reusing solar panels.

    I have read about people making one good Nissin Leaf battery out of two used ones by selecting the best modules of even as far as swapping cells. That must have some risks, but as long as you understand them it should be ok to do.

    The problem with the solar PV industry is that most systems, especially large ones, exist as subsidy farms and the owners/operators don’t think reduce/reuse/recycle at all (as noted by those who boosted their solar output with diesel generators).

    How could a market/distribution system for used but working solar panel be set up? There will be a cost in removing the panels without damage, transporting them and storing them. A solution would be to significantly increase the cost of landfill (but that also encourages fly tipping) so it is more economical to reuse/recycle. Here, Switzerland, you pay to dispose of anything that cannot be recycled, either at around 90p for a 35L rubbish bag or £1.50 per 5kg at the recycling centre. I am not sure where solar panels would fit in, are they electronic waste, covered by a WEEE supplement when purchased, or building rubble, pay by the kg?

Reply
  • Some interesting thoughts on reusing solar panels.

    I have read about people making one good Nissin Leaf battery out of two used ones by selecting the best modules of even as far as swapping cells. That must have some risks, but as long as you understand them it should be ok to do.

    The problem with the solar PV industry is that most systems, especially large ones, exist as subsidy farms and the owners/operators don’t think reduce/reuse/recycle at all (as noted by those who boosted their solar output with diesel generators).

    How could a market/distribution system for used but working solar panel be set up? There will be a cost in removing the panels without damage, transporting them and storing them. A solution would be to significantly increase the cost of landfill (but that also encourages fly tipping) so it is more economical to reuse/recycle. Here, Switzerland, you pay to dispose of anything that cannot be recycled, either at around 90p for a 35L rubbish bag or £1.50 per 5kg at the recycling centre. I am not sure where solar panels would fit in, are they electronic waste, covered by a WEEE supplement when purchased, or building rubble, pay by the kg?

Children
  • As has already been said, while they do degrade over time they don't suddenly stop working at some nominal year 20/25/30 that the warranty finally expires (I remember going to a trade show a decade or so ago whereat a japanese manufacturer - sadly I cannot remember which - was proudly showing off its module that, at the time, was some 40 years old and still *worked* within the limits of the technology at the time it was manufacture). Obviously quality of manfuacture and damage/abuse in operation may cause early failure but that's no different to any other equipment.

    A solar park operator with a nominally end-of-life asset will have three choices: a) Decommission responsibly, using the funds set aside during operation, and stop generating / making any money b) "Re-power" the park with new modules, inverters etc, which will require a large capital investment - including decommissioning costs - representing a significant fraction of building a brand new site, for perhaps 20-25% extra income or c) Eke out the asset as long as it remains safe to do so. This is, of course, not dissimilar to many other industrial plant with a long operational life, and at some point (b) becomes more economic than (c), but at that stage the disposal costs will be built into the business plan.

    Obviously time-limited constraints e.g. planning consents may need to be extended for (b) & (c) which may leave (a) as the only option. PV modules are covered by WEEE (see post above) with an established muli-corporation take-back scheme so you can't just take them to the local tip and recycling schemes exist. As others have mentioned there is also a burgeoning market in second-life modules, particularly those removed owing to building demolition.

    ...So yes, they will reuse / continue to use their asset as long as reasonably possible, and can recycle the asset when it no longer makes sense to do so