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TT Earthing Systems - Interest by New Zealand

Former Community Member
Former Community Member
I am the chair of a Standards NZ committee charged with the production of a technical report to the NZ regulator regarding the possible use of the TT earthing system in NZ.   Currently, NZ uses the MEN earthing system (as does Australia), being similar to the PME earthing system used in the UK but with an earth electrode being required in each electrical installation to assist in keeping the voltage to earth of the neutral conductor of the LV reticulation close to zero.   Otherwise the MEN system is TN-C-S and relies on the PEN conductor as a return path to clear earth faults by the operation of OCPDs.   The use of RCDs is now required for most sub-circuits to provide additional shock protection.  


As is well known, TN systems are not perfect and a broken or high impedance PEN conductor causes the livening of earthed and bonded surfaces, including the chassis of EVs when they are plugged in to EV charging equipment.   It is noted that the IET Wiring Rules do not permit the use of PME systems to supply EV charging equipment unless the voltage on earthed surfaces is held to a non-lethal value.  
 


Without going into further detail, the committee, in preparing a report, remains concerned about and seeks information on two possible problems.   


The first is how to attain at reasonable cost a TT earthing electrode system that does not exceed 100 ohms to earth in many NZ locations where the soil resistivity and the seasonal variation of this is high.   Does it cost a fortune to do this in the UK?    We have difficulty at many sites in reducing substation earthing mat and rod systems to less than 10 ohms and sometimes that is not achievable.




The second is how to be reasonably sure that the RCDs in any TT installation will be regularly tested every six months or so by the users of the installation?  RCDs are not perfect but are much more important safety devices when used in a TT installation than in a TN installation.   Therefore regular testing appears to be important to maintain safety.    With non-domestic installations this should not be a problem as their regular testing (by pushbutton) can be linked to annual building inspections or included in maintenance schedules.  However, how does the UK ensure - if it does - that the occupants of domestic TT installations regularly check the operation of their RCDs?   One sensible suggestion made by a committee member was that the regular RCD checking could be linked to the six-monthly call by our Fire and Emergency Service to check the batteries in fire alarms installed in houses.   That might prompt a few people to check their RCDs.    


 


Since I was intending to ask about the practicability of 100 ohm earth electrode systems in the UK, I thought that I should also enquire about the regular testing of RCDs in domestic installations.  


I should be grateful for any comments or suggestions.

 

P M R Browne BE(Elect) FIET FENZ

Parents
  • While I can provide no numbers, I would say that the majority (probably all)  of houses I have inspected  or worked on have never had the RCD test button pressed except by an electrician when installed or working on the premises. I usually have to explain what it is to the resident and tell them to test it when they change the clocks (twice per year). I am not sure how many ever do. I do find the rare failure when testing, either of the test button or not tripping  with fault currents, rarely do the test times fail. Many properties old and new have the consumer units hidden in cupboards full of stuff or in inaccessible positions so they are difficult to access which increases the probability of them never being touched.


    Due to the requirement to use metal consumer units in domestic premises there are issues about protecting supply tails from earth faults on TT installations especially if the consumer unit is some way from the supply. Many of us install upfront 100mA time delayed RCDs to protect the tails, don't tell anyone but we often put these in plastic enclosures as it can be argued it is not a consumer unit,  and provide a backup in the event of a downstream 30mA RCD failing to operate on a fault. There were some very long threads on the old forum about this. Some like to use a 100mA S type RCD as the main switch on dual RCD or RCBO based consumer units as a backup on TT systems. 


    TT has been relatively rare here except in the countryside but the introduction of electric car charging points and the requirement for TT has identified the problems of retro fitting TT onto premises with PME supplies and the issues about trying to maintain separation from two earthing systems in domestic and some commercial situations.
Reply
  • While I can provide no numbers, I would say that the majority (probably all)  of houses I have inspected  or worked on have never had the RCD test button pressed except by an electrician when installed or working on the premises. I usually have to explain what it is to the resident and tell them to test it when they change the clocks (twice per year). I am not sure how many ever do. I do find the rare failure when testing, either of the test button or not tripping  with fault currents, rarely do the test times fail. Many properties old and new have the consumer units hidden in cupboards full of stuff or in inaccessible positions so they are difficult to access which increases the probability of them never being touched.


    Due to the requirement to use metal consumer units in domestic premises there are issues about protecting supply tails from earth faults on TT installations especially if the consumer unit is some way from the supply. Many of us install upfront 100mA time delayed RCDs to protect the tails, don't tell anyone but we often put these in plastic enclosures as it can be argued it is not a consumer unit,  and provide a backup in the event of a downstream 30mA RCD failing to operate on a fault. There were some very long threads on the old forum about this. Some like to use a 100mA S type RCD as the main switch on dual RCD or RCBO based consumer units as a backup on TT systems. 


    TT has been relatively rare here except in the countryside but the introduction of electric car charging points and the requirement for TT has identified the problems of retro fitting TT onto premises with PME supplies and the issues about trying to maintain separation from two earthing systems in domestic and some commercial situations.
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