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TT Earthing Systems - Interest by New Zealand

Former Community Member
Former Community Member
I am the chair of a Standards NZ committee charged with the production of a technical report to the NZ regulator regarding the possible use of the TT earthing system in NZ.   Currently, NZ uses the MEN earthing system (as does Australia), being similar to the PME earthing system used in the UK but with an earth electrode being required in each electrical installation to assist in keeping the voltage to earth of the neutral conductor of the LV reticulation close to zero.   Otherwise the MEN system is TN-C-S and relies on the PEN conductor as a return path to clear earth faults by the operation of OCPDs.   The use of RCDs is now required for most sub-circuits to provide additional shock protection.  


As is well known, TN systems are not perfect and a broken or high impedance PEN conductor causes the livening of earthed and bonded surfaces, including the chassis of EVs when they are plugged in to EV charging equipment.   It is noted that the IET Wiring Rules do not permit the use of PME systems to supply EV charging equipment unless the voltage on earthed surfaces is held to a non-lethal value.  
 


Without going into further detail, the committee, in preparing a report, remains concerned about and seeks information on two possible problems.   


The first is how to attain at reasonable cost a TT earthing electrode system that does not exceed 100 ohms to earth in many NZ locations where the soil resistivity and the seasonal variation of this is high.   Does it cost a fortune to do this in the UK?    We have difficulty at many sites in reducing substation earthing mat and rod systems to less than 10 ohms and sometimes that is not achievable.




The second is how to be reasonably sure that the RCDs in any TT installation will be regularly tested every six months or so by the users of the installation?  RCDs are not perfect but are much more important safety devices when used in a TT installation than in a TN installation.   Therefore regular testing appears to be important to maintain safety.    With non-domestic installations this should not be a problem as their regular testing (by pushbutton) can be linked to annual building inspections or included in maintenance schedules.  However, how does the UK ensure - if it does - that the occupants of domestic TT installations regularly check the operation of their RCDs?   One sensible suggestion made by a committee member was that the regular RCD checking could be linked to the six-monthly call by our Fire and Emergency Service to check the batteries in fire alarms installed in houses.   That might prompt a few people to check their RCDs.    


 


Since I was intending to ask about the practicability of 100 ohm earth electrode systems in the UK, I thought that I should also enquire about the regular testing of RCDs in domestic installations.  


I should be grateful for any comments or suggestions.

 

P M R Browne BE(Elect) FIET FENZ

Parents
  • Former Community Member
    0 Former Community Member
    It is indeed a concern when politicians get into the act for "social" reasons and apply "solutions" that are completely against the economics of the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity to consumers.  The ESI has a large proportion of fixed costs, which ideally should be recovered by a fixed daily charge that is as high as the market will bear (without consumers disconnecting from the grid in droves and forcing the remainder of consumers to bear the costs).   However, in NZ, consumers have the option of paying a low daily charge and a higher / kWh charge, with a break-even point of 8000 kWh.  You have a choice of one or the other.   Those with their own generation like the low fixed charge option it as their generation is effectively valued at the higher avoidance cost - but of course they are not contributing.adequately to the infrastructure costs that provides their make-up energy import.   The ESI is hoping that the Government will remove the lower fixed charge option but there is resistance from the distributed generation owners.  


    Don't get me started on capacity and peak charges v energy charges, which remain a bone of contention.   At least,many distribution companies are now offering time of use charges, which is at least a recognition that network capacity is expensive to provide and it is correct to signal to consumers that they should avoid increasing the peak demands placed on the network and so delay the need for its reinforcement.


    By the way, NZ is a long narrow land in the antipodes of Spain and its climate runs from the "winterless north" to the deep south.   We do use space heaters!   Dunedin had -10 degrees C the other day!   


    At least we have a lot of renewable generation.    


    I'm getting well off the subject of TT.!


    Regards


    Peter Browne.      

Reply
  • Former Community Member
    0 Former Community Member
    It is indeed a concern when politicians get into the act for "social" reasons and apply "solutions" that are completely against the economics of the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity to consumers.  The ESI has a large proportion of fixed costs, which ideally should be recovered by a fixed daily charge that is as high as the market will bear (without consumers disconnecting from the grid in droves and forcing the remainder of consumers to bear the costs).   However, in NZ, consumers have the option of paying a low daily charge and a higher / kWh charge, with a break-even point of 8000 kWh.  You have a choice of one or the other.   Those with their own generation like the low fixed charge option it as their generation is effectively valued at the higher avoidance cost - but of course they are not contributing.adequately to the infrastructure costs that provides their make-up energy import.   The ESI is hoping that the Government will remove the lower fixed charge option but there is resistance from the distributed generation owners.  


    Don't get me started on capacity and peak charges v energy charges, which remain a bone of contention.   At least,many distribution companies are now offering time of use charges, which is at least a recognition that network capacity is expensive to provide and it is correct to signal to consumers that they should avoid increasing the peak demands placed on the network and so delay the need for its reinforcement.


    By the way, NZ is a long narrow land in the antipodes of Spain and its climate runs from the "winterless north" to the deep south.   We do use space heaters!   Dunedin had -10 degrees C the other day!   


    At least we have a lot of renewable generation.    


    I'm getting well off the subject of TT.!


    Regards


    Peter Browne.      

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