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Earth Leakage Current – How much is too much?

Former Community Member
Former Community Member
Hi All, I’ve recently started out and have my first customer with an intermittently tripping RCD and relatively high earth leakage current.  I’d appreciate some opinions on my diagnosis and thoughts on a solution that will guarantee to fix the problem and also be cost-effective.   Here are the details…
Installation:
Domestic, overhead PME supply
Consumer unit configuration:
80A Main Switch/30mA RCD combined (MK 7880s) feeding 11 MCBs i.e a single 30mA RCD protects all 11 circuits, date fitted estimate 1990.
Fault Symptoms: 
(1) RCD Main Switch trips intermittently, randomly (i.e not coincident with equipment or appliances switching on/off, often when no-one is home), infrequently but frequently enough to be a real nuisance as it disconnects the whole installation.  On average the trip occurs once every two weeks, but a month could go by with no trips then, for example, it may trip three times in a weekend.  Tripping has occurred in all weather conditions but more often in stormy weather.  This has been happening since the customer moved in six years ago.
(2) RCD trips very occasionally when garage lights (5x fluorescent tubes) or tumble drier are turned on – this is much less frequent than the random tripping described in (1).
Investigation:
Earthing Conductor and Main Equipotential Bonding all present and correct.
All circuits have Zs within spec, measured at far ends of circuits.  Insulation resistance test of the whole installation (L & N to E at 250V) gives 37kohms. 
There are no obviously faulty accessories or equipment and the installation is generally in good condition.
The RCD operation seems to be good; with all circuits disconnected it passes the no-trip test at 0.5I-delta-n and the disconnect times are 15.6ms and 11.1ms at I-delta-n and 5I-delta-n respectively; ramp test shows that the RCD trips at 23mA.
Earth leakage current (measured with an earth leakage clamp meter around the tails) with all MCBs closed and the installation “as found” (i.e nothing explicitly turned on or off) is 17mA.  A repaired ring circuit in the kitchen draws 6mA of the earth leakage, a garage circuit draws 3.3mA and the remainder is divided roughly equally between the other nine circuits (0.5 – 1.5mA each).
My Diagnosis: 
The installation is not unsafe.
The RCD is (quite severely) sensitised by the 17.0mA standing earth leakage current, it will trip when a further 6mA of leakage current is drawn. 
The fluorescent lights and tumble drier are likely to draw a transient earth leakage current >6mA when they start which explains symptom (2).
The random tripping, symptom (1), is being caused by supply side transients (or maybe even an intermittent fault in the overhead cable) and/or a high impedance neutral-to-earth fault somewhere in the installation.
Question 1:
What is the maximum level of earth leakage acceptable in any given circuit for it to be considered safe?    The 30% limit (9mA in this case) of 531.3.2?
Question 2:
How should I proceed to be sure of resolving the problem, and in a cost-effective way?
  1. Change the consumer unit for a split load dual RCD configuration – with careful assignment of the circuits each RCD will carry roughly 8.5mA of standing earth leakage, but will this give immunity to further tripping, maybe a three-way split required?

  • Change the consumer unit to all-RCBOs – this is expensive for the customer and I can’t give a 100% guarantee that the tripping will cease… how much earth leakage could a mains-borne transient or fault cause?  It has the benefit that, if I have missed a circuit fault, it will be isolated by an RCBO when it next occurs.

  • Get the DNO to check the overhead cable before changing the consumer unit.  Will they do that?

  • Chase down and reduce the earth leakage current?  Would you consider this a “faulty” installation? 

  • Any other ideas?

Any thoughts will be gratefully received, and I’ll be sure to let you know how it goes.

Parents
  • Thanks for the update, sounds quite frustrating.

    There is something odd about the lights and power both showing 67k ohms-  perhaps the neutrals are conjoined somewhere - are there wall lights ?


    Neons draw a current that is very voltage dependant. so if you see the same resistance reading at 500V and at 250, and if you have an ordinary meter at half a dozen volts as well, then it is not a neon indicator . (typically neons are open circuit up to about 70 to 90V, then they strike and start to conduct - the rest of the voltage is then dropped across a series resistor of  100k ohms or so for the small ones, and a bit less for the big ones.) So if you want to know if it is a neon to ground instead of to neutral, vary the test voltage.


    That conduit lark sounds like a total hack - the sort of thing that was always supposed to be temporary that becomes permanent.


    Personally I prefer to test L+N to E - as even if there is some hidden load wired L-N in a cupboard, it will not be damaged by the test voltages, as both sides of it are at the test voltage at once , and there is no question that nothing much should be wired either L-e or N-E so testing with L and N in parallel together is useful.



    Certainly before changing the CU, you will need to make all reasonable efforts to find the problem, you should not in good conscience leave it with known faults, unless there are exceptional circumstances that justify a departure.

    Under floor faults  can be very variable - puddles when it rains, mice if the airbricks are damaged,  all out of sight and hard to inspect - and maybe the odd suspended joint box or chock-block flapping in the breeze. And if it is  Victorian there really should be a noticeable breeze or it will have damp and  rot sooner or later. 

    It may be possible to gain at least an inspection access under a kitchen  cupboard or in the under the stairs even with a small hole a mirror and a light can sometimes reveal a great deal.



    Also if there are conjoined neutrals between circuits then while the affected circuits are on the same RCD you will not realise, but if any of the current that leaves via the live terminal on one RCD or RCBO comes back via the neutral on another, then both will see an imbalance and  pop off.- better check circuit to circuit isolation  for that before fitting that all RCBO board...

    For breaking and rejoining circuits quickly for divide and conquer testing, where there is a mass of looses ends, and for things where the probes do not quite fit,  I find these
    3 pole lever connectors,  very useful.


    M.




Reply
  • Thanks for the update, sounds quite frustrating.

    There is something odd about the lights and power both showing 67k ohms-  perhaps the neutrals are conjoined somewhere - are there wall lights ?


    Neons draw a current that is very voltage dependant. so if you see the same resistance reading at 500V and at 250, and if you have an ordinary meter at half a dozen volts as well, then it is not a neon indicator . (typically neons are open circuit up to about 70 to 90V, then they strike and start to conduct - the rest of the voltage is then dropped across a series resistor of  100k ohms or so for the small ones, and a bit less for the big ones.) So if you want to know if it is a neon to ground instead of to neutral, vary the test voltage.


    That conduit lark sounds like a total hack - the sort of thing that was always supposed to be temporary that becomes permanent.


    Personally I prefer to test L+N to E - as even if there is some hidden load wired L-N in a cupboard, it will not be damaged by the test voltages, as both sides of it are at the test voltage at once , and there is no question that nothing much should be wired either L-e or N-E so testing with L and N in parallel together is useful.



    Certainly before changing the CU, you will need to make all reasonable efforts to find the problem, you should not in good conscience leave it with known faults, unless there are exceptional circumstances that justify a departure.

    Under floor faults  can be very variable - puddles when it rains, mice if the airbricks are damaged,  all out of sight and hard to inspect - and maybe the odd suspended joint box or chock-block flapping in the breeze. And if it is  Victorian there really should be a noticeable breeze or it will have damp and  rot sooner or later. 

    It may be possible to gain at least an inspection access under a kitchen  cupboard or in the under the stairs even with a small hole a mirror and a light can sometimes reveal a great deal.



    Also if there are conjoined neutrals between circuits then while the affected circuits are on the same RCD you will not realise, but if any of the current that leaves via the live terminal on one RCD or RCBO comes back via the neutral on another, then both will see an imbalance and  pop off.- better check circuit to circuit isolation  for that before fitting that all RCBO board...

    For breaking and rejoining circuits quickly for divide and conquer testing, where there is a mass of looses ends, and for things where the probes do not quite fit,  I find these
    3 pole lever connectors,  very useful.


    M.




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