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AFDDs - when do they work?

I'm struggling to see the benefots of fitting AFDD's.

I've searched the web, but cannot find any compelling evidence that they actually help in safety.

 The Proffesional Journals all say they are a good thing, but with little content to show the data used to show they make a difference.

As we know, many fires are not caused by arcs, the build up of fluff in a tumble dryer is a typical example.

When I did my Social Housing work, I found many burnt out shower switches, along with washing machine sockets and occasional cooker switches that were totally burnt around the terminals, yet, in many cases would still work until the switch finally fell apart. Clearly some of these switches had been arcing, then had fused the cable to the terminal, others showed black terminals with only a small contact area, thus heating the terminals and causing the 'fishy' smell, which was quite typical.

Is there any evidence that AFDD's would stop these failures?

What about internal appliance faults?

Wasnt Grenfell started in a fridge? If so, would AFDD detect that fault?

And, what are appliance manufacturers doing to make their goods safer? From what I see, there are still thin tin plate terminals on cookers,and poor, loose spade terminals inside firdges and other appliances.They are made to be as cheap as possible, and it shows when you tighten up a terminal, and it bends the back plate as it is so thin.   

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  • It is actually more complex than the comments here. My personal view (having played around with some) is that they probably show zero benefit on fixed wiring because fixed wiring does not initiate arcs, even with loose connections. Loose connections either make a connection or not, and as 230V can only jump about 100 microns at best, and even if it does a big hot arc cannot start unless it is already a big enough arc to melt the wire or terminal (the electrodes) to produce an ion source, otherwise nothing much will happen. This is clearly illustrated by the product standard and demonstration jigs the manufacturers show around to get sales. The test rig and standard both depend on one electrode being carbon (which ionises very easily) and moving the electrode(s) to actually start the arc with an essentially short circuit. As we do not have carbon wires or terminals, and the manufacturers do the series test with a wire cut but the sheath burnt (carbonised) to start the arc (see product standard). Various makes detect arcs started in various ways but do not detect sparking of motor brushes, and vary a great deal in sensitivity even with the jig. There are lots of YouTube videos where they are tested by the trade. None of these manage to get a trip with a metal-metal arc however hard they try. Note that arc welders depend on the easily ionised electrode coating to get a reasonable arc, it is virtually impossible with uncoated wire in air. Burnt, welded etc terminals are caused by resistive heating not arcs, so almost never cause a fire unless there is much flammable material nearby. Thermosetting boxes and accessories are very hard to get burning (that's why that are made of thermosetting material).

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  • It is actually more complex than the comments here. My personal view (having played around with some) is that they probably show zero benefit on fixed wiring because fixed wiring does not initiate arcs, even with loose connections. Loose connections either make a connection or not, and as 230V can only jump about 100 microns at best, and even if it does a big hot arc cannot start unless it is already a big enough arc to melt the wire or terminal (the electrodes) to produce an ion source, otherwise nothing much will happen. This is clearly illustrated by the product standard and demonstration jigs the manufacturers show around to get sales. The test rig and standard both depend on one electrode being carbon (which ionises very easily) and moving the electrode(s) to actually start the arc with an essentially short circuit. As we do not have carbon wires or terminals, and the manufacturers do the series test with a wire cut but the sheath burnt (carbonised) to start the arc (see product standard). Various makes detect arcs started in various ways but do not detect sparking of motor brushes, and vary a great deal in sensitivity even with the jig. There are lots of YouTube videos where they are tested by the trade. None of these manage to get a trip with a metal-metal arc however hard they try. Note that arc welders depend on the easily ionised electrode coating to get a reasonable arc, it is virtually impossible with uncoated wire in air. Burnt, welded etc terminals are caused by resistive heating not arcs, so almost never cause a fire unless there is much flammable material nearby. Thermosetting boxes and accessories are very hard to get burning (that's why that are made of thermosetting material).

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