These lamps contain a near vacuum so the amount of gas released is minute and  is most unlikely to be dangerous. Argon, and nitrogen are found in the air all the time and the minute extra amounts from a broken lamp are of no consequence. Halogen lamps contain small amounts of halogen compounds, these are somewhat toxic, but no concern in the small amounts in a lamp. Much larger amounts are found in many commonly used materials.

Fluorescent lamps contain a little mercury, this IS toxic but the small amounts in a single lamp are negligible. Large numbers of used lamps should be properly disposed of, but the odd accidental breakage of small numbers should be of very little concern.

The fluorescent powder is these lamps can be moderately toxic, but again negligible in small amounts.

Broken glass can result in cuts, but is not otherwise dangerous.

In summary, try to avoid breaking fluorescent lamps, and if one is broken avoid needless contact with the debris. Sweep it up with a long handled brush wrap it up in waste paper and dispose of.

With other types, simply throw away the pieces, taking care to avoid cutting yourself. 

These lamps contain a near vacuum so the amount of gas released is minute and  is most unlikely to be dangerous. Argon, and nitrogen are found in the air all the time and the minute extra amounts from a broken lamp are of no consequence. Halogen lamps contain small amounts of halogen compounds, these are somewhat toxic, but no concern in the small amounts in a lamp. Much larger amounts are found in many commonly used materials.

Fluorescent lamps contain a little mercury, this IS toxic but the small amounts in a single lamp are negligible. Large numbers of used lamps should be properly disposed of, but the odd accidental breakage of small numbers should be of very little concern.

The fluorescent powder is these lamps can be moderately toxic, but again negligible in small amounts.

Broken glass can result in cuts, but is not otherwise dangerous.

In summary, try to avoid breaking fluorescent lamps, and if one is broken avoid needless contact with the debris. Sweep it up with a long handled brush wrap it up in waste paper and dispose of.

With other types, simply throw away the pieces, taking care to avoid cutting yourself.