Beginner's guide to solar PV

Some general information here: https://cat.org.uk/info-resources/free-information-service/energy/solar-photovoltaic/ (scroll down to the bottom for some more detailed Q&As)

The electrical design details can bit a bit variable - there are many options. Traditionally (for a simple grid-tied install)  you had a string of panels feeding DC to an inverter that then connected to the CU pretty much the same way as any other AC circuit (bi-directionality of RCDs notwithstanding). I've a string of 9 panels (in series) and they're currently producing about 270V - it's higher in summer (from memory 370-380V ish) - DC wiring is double insulated (specialised PV cables). AC side all 230V nominal of course.

Alternatively you can take AC onto the roof and have a little inverter on the back of each panel - tends to be more expensive (and potentially more awkward to maintain), but can be good if some panels are subject to shading (panels in DC strings wired in series all suffer reduced output even if only one panel is shaded).

Batteries can also be done in different ways. These days you can simply buy an inverter with a (small) battery built-in - the system then looks from the outside pretty much as a traditional setup - although there might be some extra instrumentation - e.g. wiring to a CT on the incoming mains so the inverter can regulate the AC output to match demand and avoid exporting.

Alternatively you can have a separate battery system (i.e. only connected to the PV via the AC installation) - again it can take account of PV generation (and possibly also cheap rate tariffs) to give the "best" overall results.

Some battery systems are grid-forming - i.e. will allow you to power the installation from your own personal mini-grid if the mains fails, and/or can be used to peak lop the mains supply (initially designed for generator fed off-grid systems, to avoid over-sizing the generator to cope with peaks). There's a lot of imagination from all sorts of areas off grid buildings, RVs etc)  that's now combining into AC connected battery systems with some very interesting results.

It might be worth looking at some manufacturer's information - Victron for example have quite a wide range and a fair bit of advise (some aimed at off-grid but the same physics applies).

   - Andy.

Some general information here: https://cat.org.uk/info-resources/free-information-service/energy/solar-photovoltaic/ (scroll down to the bottom for some more detailed Q&As)

The electrical design details can bit a bit variable - there are many options. Traditionally (for a simple grid-tied install)  you had a string of panels feeding DC to an inverter that then connected to the CU pretty much the same way as any other AC circuit (bi-directionality of RCDs notwithstanding). I've a string of 9 panels (in series) and they're currently producing about 270V - it's higher in summer (from memory 370-380V ish) - DC wiring is double insulated (specialised PV cables). AC side all 230V nominal of course.

Alternatively you can take AC onto the roof and have a little inverter on the back of each panel - tends to be more expensive (and potentially more awkward to maintain), but can be good if some panels are subject to shading (panels in DC strings wired in series all suffer reduced output even if only one panel is shaded).

Batteries can also be done in different ways. These days you can simply buy an inverter with a (small) battery built-in - the system then looks from the outside pretty much as a traditional setup - although there might be some extra instrumentation - e.g. wiring to a CT on the incoming mains so the inverter can regulate the AC output to match demand and avoid exporting.

Alternatively you can have a separate battery system (i.e. only connected to the PV via the AC installation) - again it can take account of PV generation (and possibly also cheap rate tariffs) to give the "best" overall results.

Some battery systems are grid-forming - i.e. will allow you to power the installation from your own personal mini-grid if the mains fails, and/or can be used to peak lop the mains supply (initially designed for generator fed off-grid systems, to avoid over-sizing the generator to cope with peaks). There's a lot of imagination from all sorts of areas off grid buildings, RVs etc)  that's now combining into AC connected battery systems with some very interesting results.

It might be worth looking at some manufacturer's information - Victron for example have quite a wide range and a fair bit of advise (some aimed at off-grid but the same physics applies).

   - Andy.